tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-56253676367307594442024-03-13T23:28:12.015-07:00Cardiology Congress 2020Cardiology Congress 2019http://www.blogger.com/profile/18015438709613721598noreply@blogger.comBlogger15125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625367636730759444.post-68905147331861194582020-02-03T00:25:00.001-08:002020-02-03T00:25:14.114-08:00Iron deficiency may raise heart disease risk<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Recent research suggests that iron may have a protective effect against heart disease. These promising findings could pave the way for new treatments.</div>
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<figure class="css-4kegza" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 30px auto; max-width: 1100px;"><span class="css-rwmw5v" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; text-align: center; user-select: none; z-index: 0;"><span class="css-1nz102n" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; padding-bottom: 450px;"><picture class="css-16pk1is" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 0;"><source media="(min-width: 1190px)" srcset="//i0.wp.com/cdn-prod.medicalnewstoday.com/content/images/articles/318/318383/illustration-of-the-heart-and-arteries.jpg?w=1575 750w" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit;"></source><source media="(min-width: 990px)" srcset="//i0.wp.com/cdn-prod.medicalnewstoday.com/content/images/articles/318/318383/illustration-of-the-heart-and-arteries.jpg?w=1575 750w" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit;"></source><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcset="//i0.wp.com/cdn-prod.medicalnewstoday.com/content/images/articles/318/318383/illustration-of-the-heart-and-arteries.jpg?w=1845 879w" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit;"></source><img alt="illustration of the heart and arteries" class="css-uoe8zd" src="https://i0.wp.com/cdn-prod.medicalnewstoday.com/content/images/articles/318/318383/illustration-of-the-heart-and-arteries.jpg?w=1155&h=1386" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; bottom: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; left: 0px; max-width: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0px; user-select: none;" /></picture></span><hl-share-overlay class="css-18moxll" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; align-items: flex-start; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; bottom: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; left: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 20px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; z-index: 1;"><a class="icon-hl-pinterest css-1fquaub" data-event="|Sharebar more|Pinterest" data-pin-custom="true" data-pin-href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button?guid=f7emrYiirkQC-1&url=undefined&media=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn-prod.medicalnewstoday.com%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2Farticles%2F318%2F318383%2Fillustration-of-the-heart-and-arteries.jpg&description=undefined" data-pin-log="button_pinit" data-share-url="https://cdn-prod.medicalnewstoday.com/content/images/articles/318/318383/illustration-of-the-heart-and-arteries.jpg" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit;" target="_blank" title="Share on Pinterest"><span class="css-8yl26h" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; color: transparent; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin-left: -1px; overflow: hidden; width: 1px;">Share on Pinterest</span></a></hl-share-overlay></span><figcaption class="css-1h1noa3" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; color: #918f8f; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 10px 0px 0px; word-break: break-word;">New research suggests that low levels of iron may lead to coronary artery disease.</figcaption></figure></div>
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the <a class="content-link css-29oowu" href="https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/facts.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border-color: currentcolor; box-sizing: inherit; color: #05a2d3; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">leading cause</a> of death among people in the United States, responsible for approximately 610,000 deaths each year.</div>
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A team of researchers from Imperial College London and University College London, both in the United Kingdom, set out to examine the link between levels of iron in the body and the risk of developing the most common type of CVD: <a class="content-link css-29oowu keywords" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/184130.php" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border-color: currentcolor; box-sizing: inherit; color: #05a2d3; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coronary heart disease: Causes, symptoms, and treatment">coronary artery disease</a> (CAD).</div>
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The findings were published in the journal <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit;">Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology.</em></div>
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<a class="content-link css-29oowu" href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cad" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border-color: currentcolor; box-sizing: inherit; color: #05a2d3; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">CAD</a>, also known as coronary heart disease, occurs when the flow of blood is blocked or slowed down and becomes unable to reach the heart properly.</div>
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Often a consequence of <a class="content-link css-29oowu keywords" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/247837.php" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border-color: currentcolor; box-sizing: inherit; color: #05a2d3; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Atherosclerosis: Causes, symptoms, and treatments">atherosclerosis</a>, which is the hardening of the arteries as a result of plaque buildup, CAD may lead to <a class="content-link css-29oowu keywords" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8886.php" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border-color: currentcolor; box-sizing: inherit; color: #05a2d3; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Angina: Treatment, causes, and symptoms">angina</a> or even <a class="content-link css-29oowu keywords" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151444.php" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border-color: currentcolor; box-sizing: inherit; color: #05a2d3; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Heart attack: Causes, symptoms, and treatments">heart attack</a>. It is currently estimated that more than 370,000 U.S. adults die as a result of CAD every year.</div>
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Cardiology Congress 2019http://www.blogger.com/profile/18015438709613721598noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625367636730759444.post-50750894531973775662019-11-07T20:02:00.003-08:002019-11-07T20:06:19.640-08:00Before You Shovel Snow, Know the Signs of Heart Attack<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;">Shoveling snow is a strenuous exercise that can put undue strain on the heart. Factor in cold air, which constricts the blood vessels and increases blood pressure, and you have a dangerous combination for people with coronary artery disease or other forms of heart disease. So before you go shovel your walkway or let a loved one shovel their own, take a few moments to review these heart attack symptoms.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #83850c; font-size: 35px; font-weight: inherit;">Heart Attack Signs that Can Appear in Men and Women</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Chest pressure or pain<span style="color: #645d5f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></span><span style="color: #645d5f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">–</span> <span style="font-size: large;">This usually lasts more than a few minutes and can come and go.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Ache or soreness radiating through the back, jaw, throat, or arm<span style="color: #645d5f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></span><span style="color: #645d5f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">– <span style="font-size: large;">while your upper body may be aching for the shoveling itself, you should seek medical attention if the soreness is in conjunction with other heart attack symptoms.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Anxiety</span><span style="color: #645d5f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span><span style="color: #645d5f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">– <span style="font-size: large;">people who have had heart attacks sometimes describe having felt panicked for no apparent reason.</span></span></li>
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What to Do if You Have Heart Attack Symptoms While Shoveling</h2>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Acting quickly in response to heart attack symptoms can save lives. If you feel like you are experiencing symptoms of a heart attack, call 9-1-1 immediately. Do not attempt to drive yourself to the hospital.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">If you see someone who exhibits symptoms of a heart attack, call 9-1-1 right away and remain with the person.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Try to keep them calm, and have them sit or lie down. If the person stops breathing, you or someone else who is qualified should perform CPR immediately.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The 911 operator will assist you with CPR until the emergency medical team arrives.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Knowing your personal risk of a heart attack, symptoms, and what to do if you or a loved one has a heart attack can save a life.</span></div>
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Cardiology Congress 2019http://www.blogger.com/profile/18015438709613721598noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625367636730759444.post-73182398462367846192019-10-31T21:23:00.004-07:002019-10-31T21:26:49.146-07:006 Best Exercises to Strengthen Your Heart<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;">Strengthening your heart is one of the best things you can do for your health. And as you know, the best way to strengthen your heart is to <a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3388dd; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">exercise</a>. In fact, if you don’t exercise you’re more than <a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/abstract-submission.php" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3388dd; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">twice</a> as likely to get heart disease as someone who does. If you have a history of heart disease, or just worry about your heart health, you need to develop a regular exercise routine. Experts <a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/registration.php" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3388dd; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">recommend</a> you spend at least 150 minutes doing moderate exercise per week.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">But is all exercise created equal? Here are the best exercises to strengthen your heart.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">1. Walking</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Yes, it might seem a little too easy. But walking, especially speed walking, is a great way to strengthen your heart. Walking fast will get your heart rate up and is easier on your joints than other types of exercise. You can walk anywhere at any time. All you need is a pair of supportive shoes. Do a short walk during your lunch break or a longer walk on the weekend. You can listen to music, a podcast, or walk with a friend. The flexibility of walking makes it easy for anyone to do — and to keep doing it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">2. Weight Training </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Building the other muscles in your body will help your heart. Weight training will help you build muscle mass and burn fat. Although you can hit the gym to train with weights, some of the most effective weight training happens when you use your own body weight. Things like push-ups, squats, or even pull-ups all help you build muscle and contribute to bone and heart health.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">3. Swimming</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Swimming isn’t just for lazy summer afternoons. Taking a water aerobics class or swimming laps can be a full-body workout that will strengthen not only your body but your heart. Unlike other types of exercise, walking is easy on your joints and allows you to move your body without a lot of pain.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">4. Yoga</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Although it might not seem like it, <a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/" target="_blank">yoga</a> is great for your heart health. Doing yoga will help you strengthen and tone your muscles. Certain types of yoga can really get your heart rate up, while still providing the calm that will lower your blood pressure.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">5. Interval Training</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3388dd; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">Interval training</a> — which alternates between short bursts of high-intensity exercise with longer periods of active recovery — is a great way to get a full-sized workout in a short amount of time. For example, you can do it by running for one minute and walking for three minutes, then repeating the cycle. Raising and lowering your heart rate helps to burn calories and improves the function of your blood vessels.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">6. Cycling</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Jumping on your bike can do more than just get you from one place to another. Cycling has been shown to help reduce the risk of heart disease. It uses your large muscles in your legs, which helps to elevate your heart rate. Bonus: Cycling has even been shown to improve your <a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3388dd; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">mental health</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Whether you choose to hit a yoga class three times a week, go walking with a friend, or swim every morning, regular exercise is essential to taking care of your heart. Always talk to your doctor before you begin an exercise routine.</span></div>
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Cardiology Congress 2019http://www.blogger.com/profile/18015438709613721598noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625367636730759444.post-59063515898605738422019-10-30T23:07:00.002-07:002019-10-30T23:07:23.554-07:00What is Holter Monitoring Used For?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="text-align: left;">Wanting to understand more about </span><a class="TLBC" href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/" id="BPI-1904" rel="nofollow noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; background-image: linear-gradient(to right, black 100%, transparent 100%); background-position: 0px 1.05em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 2px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.1s ease 0s;" title="<em>Holter monitoring</em>">Holter monitoring</a><span style="text-align: left;"> because you may need to wear one in your near future? Whenever you are experiencing any medical conditions that relate to your heart, it is often necessary to undergo certain procedures or certain tests in order to find out exactly what is going on. A Holter monitor is a test that records the rhythm of your heart, allowing medical professionals to better understand what is happening so they can offer solutions.</span></div>
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What exactly is a Holter monitor?</h2>
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Finding out more about <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Holter monitoring</span> is recommended if you are someone who may need to wear a Holter monitor in your very near future. It is a small device that must be worn close to your body for about two days. It monitors the rhythm of your heart during this time and records all of your heartbeats, which allows for a thorough understanding of your heart’s current condition.</div>
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What is Holter monitoring used for?</h2>
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A Holter monitor checks for irregular heartbeats, which lets a medical professional know whether or not the patient is experiencing heart rhythm problems. This particular heart test is one that is recommended for patients who are experiencing any signs or symptoms of having a heart problem. It is noninvasive and instead uses electrodes that are taped to the patient’s chest in order to monitor the rhythm of their heart.</div>
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If the results from wearing the heart monitor for a couple of days do not provide a medical professional with enough information, the patient may need to wear a wireless Holter monitor. A wireless monitor can capture important heart-related information for many weeks, giving medical professionals the information they need to make a proper diagnosis.</div>
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Risks</h3>
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There are not many risks that come with wearing a Holter monitor. Patients may experience some skin irritation in their chest area where the electrodes were put, which is a small price to pay to get necessary heart information. It is important for those who are getting ready to wear a Holter monitor to understand that they cannot get wet. If it does get wet, it will damage the monitor. Patients should also try to avoid getting too close to magnets or microwave ovens and may want to avoid using an electric blanket, an electric razor, an electric toothbrush or metal detectors.</div>
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Results</h3>
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Once a medical professional receives the results recorded by the Holter monitor, they will discuss these results with the patient. Together, they will come up with a treatment plan to address any heart-related conditions that may have been found. If no heart problems were found, the patient may need to undergo additional heart monitoring in the future to make sure that it is performing correctly.</div>
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Have any questions for us?</h2>
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If you have any questions about <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Holter monitoring</em>, please do not hesitate to contact us when you have a few moments. The more you understand about this common heart test the more comfortable you will feel when wearing the monitor. You only need to wear the monitor for a couple of days, and, once the results come in, you will have a better idea of how your heart is performing.</div>
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Cardiology Congress 2019http://www.blogger.com/profile/18015438709613721598noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625367636730759444.post-80304878984587825062019-10-29T23:34:00.001-07:002019-10-29T23:34:37.335-07:00Heart Palpitations After Eating – What Does It Mean?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/">Heart palpitations</a> are scary, no matter when they occur. The sudden feeling of your heart pounding in your chest, beating faster or thumping much harder than you’re used to is a frightening experience. It makes you wonder and worry. Sometimes, palpitations can be so frightening that you call 9-1-1, fearing heart attack, or stroke. It’s smart to pay attention to those palpitations, but often they aren’t serious at all. Many people talk about experiencing heart palpitations after eating, for example. You can’t very well call 9-1-1 every time you sit down to a meal, can you? Of course not. Here’s what you need to know about palpitations after mealtime.</div>
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What Kind of Meal?</h2>
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Many factors can contribute to heart palpitations after a meal, but one of the first things to look at is what kind of meal you just consumed. If it was a particularly rich meal, your body might just be working a little harder to digest the food. These particular palpitations are not all that uncommon. As long as the palpitations don’t get worse or become particularly bothersome, you shouldn’t have to worry about them.</div>
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Pay Attention</h2>
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For some people, heart palpitations after eating can be an indication of a food sensitivity. The way a food sensitivity presents itself is not always the same from person to person, so if you notice palpitations after eating, consider the circumstances surrounding it. Do you get them after every meal, or only after meals containing a specific food? If you aren’t sure, try journaling your meals for a week or two and noting when you feel these symptoms.</div>
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Blood Sugar</h2>
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If you haven’t eaten for too long, or your blood sugar has dropped, overeating or eating too late can contribute to heart palpitations as well. It’s a complicated process for your body to convert food into the energy you need, and your blood sugar levels at the time of consumption can have an impact on whether or not you feel those palpitations as your body levels out.</div>
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Talk to Your Doctor</h2>
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No matter what the cause, if you’re feeling new or worsening palpitations for any reason, the best first line of defense is to discuss them with your doctor. Any unexpected cardiac activity should be tested and monitored if necessary. Whatever the cause, your doctor or a cardiologist can help you get to the bottom of it and create a plan to adjust your lifestyle and/or add medication to help mitigate the problem.</div>
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Cardiology Congress 2019http://www.blogger.com/profile/18015438709613721598noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625367636730759444.post-61193626344310542062019-10-21T22:44:00.002-07:002019-10-21T22:44:33.035-07:00Mitral heart valve replacement: What to expect before and after the surgery<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;">mitral valve</span> is located on the left side of the heart, between the left atrium and left ventricle. It has a very important role to play in the circulation. It is one of the four valves in the heart, that ensures that the blood flows throw the heart in the right direction and that the organs receive oxygenated blood from the heart. Oxygen-rich blood flows into the left atrium from the pulmonary veins. When the left atrium fills with blood, the <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;">mitral valve</span> opens to allow blood to flow to the left ventricle.</div>
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Thus, the malfunctioning of the mitral valve can have serious consequences.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;">Purpose of the mitral heart valve replacement:</span></h1>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;">Mitral valve replacement</span> is a procedure whereby the diseased mitral valve of a patient's heart is replaced by either a mechanical or tissue (bioprosthetic) valve.</div>
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The mitral valve may need to be replaced because:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">The valve is leaky (mitral valve regurgitation)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">The valve is narrowed and doesn't open properly (mitral valve stenosis).</li>
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Mitral valve disease is usually caused due to infection, calcification and inherited collagen disease. Current mitral valve replacement approaches include <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;">open-heart surgery.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;">Open Heart Surgery:</span></h1>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;">What to expect before open-heart surgery?</span></h2>
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There are two kinds of valves, which can be used as replacement-biological and mechanical. The doctor decides which is the best for the patient.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">Biological valves are made mainly from pig, cow, or human heart tissue. Biological valves don’t last as long.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">Mechanical valves are man-made. However, if one gets a man-made valve, he/she has to take blood-thinning meds for the rest of their lives.</li>
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The following precautions need to be taken before the surgery.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">Avoiding to eat or drink anything since midnight before the surgery.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">Avoiding smoking</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">Certain medications need to be stopped.</li>
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Certain routine tests are done, and about an hour before the surgery, certain medications are given which helps the patient to relax.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;">What to expect during the surgery?</span></h2>
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Anesthesia is given before the surgery starts. The surgery takes several hours to complete. As the surgical procedure is an open surgery, the doctor makes an incision down the chest to access the heart. The patient is then supported using an artificial heart-lung machine during the entire course of the surgery. Then the defective valve is removed, as is replaced by the new valve.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;">What to expect after the surgery?</span></h2>
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Recovery happens in the ICU or recovery room. Most people who have mitral valve replacement notice immediate symptom relief after their surgery. Doctors check for heart rate, and other vital signs. The patient is kept under intensive care. Usually, a breathing tube is kept for proper breathing, but it is removed within 24 hours. There is also a drainage pipe to remove any excess fluid which may have accumulated in the chest in the course of the surgery. The patient is usually kept in the hospital for around 5 days.</div>
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Even after getting back home from the hospital, care has to be taken. The stitches are removed in around 7-10 days during the follow-up appointments. Temperature is to be checked daily, and a temp. higher than normal should be immediately reported. Heavy exercises or strenuous jobs should be avoided for several weeks.</div>
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Cardiology Congress 2019http://www.blogger.com/profile/18015438709613721598noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625367636730759444.post-12343344230380955632019-10-15T21:43:00.003-07:002019-10-15T21:43:38.020-07:00How anxiety impacts your heart health<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anxiety is the feeling of worry, queasiness, and unease we’ve all felt at one point during our lives. But what if you’re part of the approximately <a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #46a543; cursor: pointer; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">5-10% of the population</a> that lives with an anxiety disorder? What affect will that have on your heart health?</div>
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While some of the most common complications of having an anxiety disorder are <a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #46a543; cursor: pointer; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">co-occurring substance abuse</a> or the development of depression, generalized anxiety disorder is also associated with poor cardiovascular health and coronary heart disease, as well as mortality. <a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/abstract-submission.php" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #46a543; cursor: pointer; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Anxiety disorders</a> typically result from multiple and uncontrollable worries, which often change over time, though the common worries are typically about the future welfare of one’s family, money or health. Isn’t it then ironic that to worry excessively about one’s health, is detrimental to one’s health?</div>
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As humans, we’ve been pre-programmed with a sympathetic nervous system to help us react in high danger situations appropriately. If you’re running away from a bear, you’ll want your heart rate to be increased to be able to supply sufficient blood flow to your muscles. But what if you’re worrying sitting on the couch, and all that worry has no place to escape? Anxiety disorders cause a dramatic increase in your heart rate during situations that are not a fight or flight scenario and can lead to poorer cardiovascular health in previously healthy people.</div>
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A recent meta-analysis looking at over 250,000 patients showed that in patients without previous heart disease, who suffered from anxiety disorders experienced a <a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/abstract-submission.php" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #46a543; cursor: pointer; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">26% increased risk</a> of incident Coronary Artery Disease. In other words, a healthy individual with no history of heart problems became much more at risk for early signs of a heart attack, due to issues with anxiety.</div>
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One can also argue that worry may be beneficial for health promotion, but no studies so far have shown that such worry would have any benefits for health. Which brings out the perennial chicken or egg question. Does excessive worry lead to poorer cardiovascular health by and in itself, or do patients in already poorer health worry about their cardiovascular health excessively? <a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/registration.php" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #46a543; cursor: pointer; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Multiple studies</a> have shown that in patients who have had an acute heart attack poorer outcomes were associated with additional worry or anxiety. Increased anxiety was also found to be an independent predictor of cardiac complications in other studies.</div>
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So why worry? While worrying may be actively helpful in intense situations, it’ll do you no good when it comes to your health, particularly cardiac health. You should try different methods and tools to help keep you calm and to encourage a positive mental attitude.</div>
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If you are experiencing anxiety that is prolonged, which you are unable to manage on your own, it is best to speak to your doctor about treatment options. Many people have found ways to cope with their anxiety through holistic or therapeutic methods, and some with medication. This is especially important if you already have heart issues or a family history of heart problems. It is important to make your heart health, as well as your mental health, a priority to ensure a long, happy life.</div>
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Cardiology Congress 2019http://www.blogger.com/profile/18015438709613721598noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625367636730759444.post-45166104958886425302019-10-14T21:26:00.001-07:002019-10-14T21:26:19.341-07:00Statins are Antibiotics…is THAT the Pleiotropic Effect?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Statins have pleiotropic effects, ie the ability to reduce heart disease risk and CV death via an unknown mechanism, certainly beyond the LDL cholesterol-lowering that they can achieve. Researches have known for quite some time about these beneficial effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (also known as “statins,” such as atorvastatin and rosuvastatin), however, the physiology behind this phenomenon remains unclear. The answer as to why statins have these pleiotropic effects is largely unknown, but let me throw out an interesting theory and you form your own opinion.</div>
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Statins are antibiotics that kill the undiscovered organism responsible for the entire process of atherosclerosis.</h3>
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Let's look at some facts first. Many don’t know that the first statin, mevastatin, was discovered in 1971 in the fungus <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penicillium citrinum</em>. As the name implies, this is the same fungus from which the first antibiotic penicillin was found. What was the role of penicillin in this fungus, you ask?</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">To kill the surrounding bacteria so they do not invade the fungi’s space, allowing the <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penicillium citrinum</em> species to grow and spread more easily ... survival of the fittest!</span></div>
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Then, what is the role of <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">mevastatin</em> in this fungus? According to researchers, it is the exact same: To block the cholesterol synthesis in the invading bacteria and other fungi, acting as an antibiotic. </div>
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Think about this, as well: We know it takes decades for atherosclerotic plaques to form, and it is an inflammatory process. We know that the early use of statins immediately during an ACS significantly reduces mortality according to multiple clinical trials, including <a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #b40411; opacity: 1; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">PROVE IT-TIMI 22</a> and the <a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #b40411; opacity: 1; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">MIRACL trial</a>. This benefit is thought to be from acute plaque stabilization, decreased thrombogenicity and decreased inflammation that occurs immediately after statin administration.</div>
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How does this make any sense if the only thing statins do is reduce LDL cholesterol levels through inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase? How should that short-term administration improve long-term mortality, considering the chronic nature of atherosclerosis? Why do these beneficial effects occur? Why is inflammation dramatically reduced so quickly? Again, maybe statins are antibiotics!</div>
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Quite an intriguing theory, that statins are antibiotics and kill the pathogenic cause of atherosclerosis, isn’t it? Well, of course, I was not the first person to think that perhaps the process of atherosclerosis occurs from an infection. The organisms that have been implicated in contributing to atherosclerosis include <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Chlamydia pneumoniae</em> (now actually called <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Chlamydophila pneumoniae</em>), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Helicobacter pylori</em>. Here is a look at some studies that test this theory.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Interesting side note: </span>Mevastatin caused liver tumors and severe muscle problems in animal studies, and therefore was never brought to market (although it is one of the naturally occurring statins in red yeast rice extract, which millions take ... not good).</div>
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<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Chlamydia pneumoniae</em></h3>
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<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Chlamydia pneumoniae</em> has the most data to show a correlation with atherosclerosis. This pathogen enters through the respiratory tract and is thought to be the 3rd leading cause of upper respiratory tract infections worldwide, with an estimated 50% of the population having been exposed. Circulating monocytes then bring the organism into the vascular wall and induce inflammation. Animal studies with both mice and rabbits show that <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Chlamydia pneumoniae</em> infection, in the setting of hypercholesterolemia, can induce atherosclerosis. Moreover, giving azithromycin completely blocks this effect.</div>
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Translate this to humans. One study of 220 patients after an MI showed that positive <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Chlamydia pneumoniae</em> antibody titers increase the risk of future events and that treating those patients subsequently with azithromycin reduces the risk down to the level of patients with negative antibody titers.</div>
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The largest trials to evaluate antibiotic therapy directed at <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Chlamydia pneumoniae</em> after acute MI actually failed to show any reduction in cardiac events or mortality. These include subsets in the ACES trial, WIZARD trial, and <a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #b40411; opacity: 1; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">PROVE-IT trial</a>, totaling close to 16,000 patients.</div>
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Perhaps the key is preventing the infection in the first place instead of trying to treat it after the MI has occurred.</div>
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV)</h3>
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The evidence to link CMV and atherosclerosis is less robust. Certainly, in heart transplant patients there is a correlation. The studies to connect positive CMV antibody titers (serologic evidence of prior CMV infection) to CAD patients have been conflicting. Researches have postulated that CMV may play an important role in the initial endothelial cell injury starting the atherosclerotic process.</div>
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<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Helicobacter pylori</em></h3>
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Once again, only a casual relationship between <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Helicobacter pylori</em> infection and CAD has been shown via serologic studies. <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Helicobacter pylori</em> have not been isolated from atherosclerotic plaque and the use of antibiotics to eliminate this organism with the goal of reducing CV events has not been evaluated.</div>
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Immunization for Heart Disease</h3>
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How about the prospect of developing an immunization against one of these organisms? Could a cure for <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Chlamydia pneumoniae</em> actually result in, essentially, a cure for atherosclerosis?</div>
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Nobody really knows the answer to that question. Researchers are indeed in the process of developing an immunization for heart disease! Interestingly, it has nothing to do with <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Chlamydia pneumoniae</em>. A protein antigen that inflammatory T cells react to is being targeted in order to prevent the inflammatory response that they create. Let's see how it goes!</div>
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C-Reactive Protein, Sepsis, and Statins</h3>
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We know that CRP (C-reactive protein) is a measurable inflammatory marker that is significantly elevated during states of inflammation, including atherosclerosis, ACS, inflammatory arthritis and, of course, during infection (including sepsis). We know that statin therapy reduces CRP significantly, independent of reductions in LDL cholesterol. So putting these together ... infection increases CRP and statins decrease CRP. This association, of course, does not prove the antibiotic theory but is a bit intriguing.</div>
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How about this factoid? Statins have been shown in more than one analysis to decrease the incidence of sepsis (severe infection with a systemic inflammatory response, usually bacterial) AND decrease mortality in patients with bacteremia. Other studies examining statins for community-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia, however, have failed to show a benefit. Fortunately, further clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate statin therapy in patients with sepsis. Yet another possibility that statins are acting as antibiotics in this setting.</div>
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Pleiotropic Effects of Statins - So what’s the deal?</h3>
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In my search to see if HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, in laboratory models, have ever been studied to see if they eliminate <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Chlamydophila pneumoniae</em>, I came up empty. Also, there are no data to see if statin therapy is more effective in those seropositive for <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Chlamydophila pneumoniae</em> compared with seronegative individuals.</div>
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OK, fine, maybe it is a bit far-fetched to say that there is, perhaps, one lone organism causing all of atherosclerosis. There are likely multiple factors that contribute, causing the endothelial injury that starts the process, but infection probably plays a role somewhere along the line. However, could you imagine if there was ONE predominate infectious etiology? A potential cure for heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease could be developed! I see a Nobel Prize opportunity ... discover the real reason for the pleiotropic effects of statins!</div>
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Cardiology Congress 2019http://www.blogger.com/profile/18015438709613721598noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625367636730759444.post-60838118088771155992019-10-10T21:20:00.001-07:002019-10-10T21:20:41.891-07:0010 Steps to Learn ECG Interpretation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Learning the art of ECG interpretation requires intellect, commitment, effort and <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">—</span> perhaps most importantly <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">—</span> an organized approach. I personally have spent thousands of hours (yes, thousands) looking at 12-lead ECG tracings, studying ECGs for the cardiology boards, interpreting ECGs for direct patient care and developing ECG tutorials and quizzes for LearntheHeart.com.</div>
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Assuming that most of you reading this blog do not have that much time, please allow me to share what I have discovered in my years teaching ECGs to make the process more simple — and maybe even enjoyable.</div>
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ECGs Made Easy?</h2>
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I imagine it is understood that learning all of ECG interpretation is going to take more than 10 minutes of your time and that it is not quite so easy. To be proficient, it will take a bit of effort. Some memorization and pattern recognition will be required. The more you see, the more you will remember. Having a pair of calipers is helpful. But when using LearntheHeart.com to learn ECGs, don’t scratch your computer monitor, please. Now that this is understood, let’s get down to it.</div>
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Step 1. Learn the Basics of a 12-lead ECG Tracing</h2>
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First things first. Knowing the basic parts of an ECG tracing will lay a good foundation for everything else that is to come. The different waves, complexes, and intervals need to be ingrained in your brain. How many seconds is a full ECG tracing? How much time does each big box and each little box represent?</div>
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This is not the time to learn the crazy things such as the different P-wave morphologies that occur with atrial enlargements and ectopic atrial rhythms — but rather, just to know what the normal P wave looks like and what it represents. It’s a similar concept for the other parts of the ECG.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 24px;">Step 2. Determine Heart Rate on the ECG</span></div>
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To determine whether bradycardia, a normal heart rate or tachycardia is present requires the knowledge to calculate the heart rate on the ECG. Remember to apply these techniques to both the atrial rate, measured by the rate of the P wave and the ventricular rate, measured by the rate of the QRS complex.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 24px;">Step 3. Determine Axis on the ECG</span></div>
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The axis on the ECG can give a clue to many different pathologic states. Unless you are going into electrophysiology as a career, the only axis that you need to measure is that of the QRS complex.</div>
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Be sure to know the causes of left axis deviation, right axis deviation and when the axis is indeterminate (northwestern). Also, know the quick shortcuts to determine the axis.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 24px;">Step 4. Learn Abnormal Heart Rhythms</span></div>
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Learning a normal sinus rhythm was taken care of in Step 1. Now, learn the below rhythms like the back of your hand. Be sure to review multiple examples of each in the individual ECG Reviews and Criteria sections below.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Atrial Fibrillation ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Atrial Flutter ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia (AVNRT) ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Atrioventricular Reentrant Tachycardia (AVRT) ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Ectopic Atrial Rhythms ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">First-Degree Atrioventricular (AV) Block ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Idioventricular Rhythms ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Junctional Rhythms ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT) ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Second-Degree Atrioventricular (AV) Block Type I (Wenkebach) ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Second-Degree Atrioventricular (AV) Block Type II ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Sinus Arrhythmia ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Sinus Bradycardia ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Sinus Tachycardia ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Third-Degree Atrioventricular (AV) Block ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Wandering Atrial Pacemaker (WAP) ECG Review</span></li>
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Step 5. Learn Chamber Hypertrophies and Bundle Blocks</h2>
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Sometimes this can be the most difficult part. Atrial enlargements are not too bad, but the criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy can drive you crazy. No need to memorize then all, just the main two or three.</div>
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The left and right bundle branches are not too bad, either. The “bunny ears” are easy to spot in right bundle branch blocks — though not always present. Don’t forget to learn what a non-specific interventricular conduction delay looks like, as well.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Bifascicular Block ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Left Anterior Fascicular Block (LAFB) ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Left Atrial Enlargement (LAE) ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB) ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Left Posterior Fascicular Block (LPFB) ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH) ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Poor R Wave Progression ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Right Atrial Enlargement (RAE) ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH) ECG Review</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Trifascicular Block ECG Review</span></li>
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Step 6. Learn Acute MI and Ischemic ECG Findings</h2>
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This is the fun part of ECG interpretation. Some of the acute MI ECG findings, such as anterior ST-segment elevations and inferior ST-segment elevation MIs, are obvious. The tough part is identifying the more subtle ECG changes.</div>
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Know when ST-segment elevation is due to ischemia and when it is due to other causes including left ventricular aneurysm or left ventricular hypertrophy. Likewise, know when ST-segment depression is due to digoxin ECG changes.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;">Anterior Wall ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (MI) ECG Review</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;">Inferior Wall ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (MI) ECG Review</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;">Posterior Wall Myocardial Infarction (MI) ECG Review</li>
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Step 7. Learn the Everything Else Including Atypical ECG Findings</h2>
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Again, some repetition and memorization are required. The list of things that go into this category is long — so let’s get going.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;">Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia (ARVD) ECG Review</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;">Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) ECG Review</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;">Brugada Syndrome ECG Review</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;">Dextrocardia ECG Review</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;">Digoxin Effect ECG Review</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;">Early Repolarization ECG Review</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;">Hypercalcemia ECG Review</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;">Hyperkalemia ECG Review</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;">Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM) ECG Review</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;">Hypocalcemia ECG Review</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;">Hypokalemia ECG Review</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;">Hypothermia ECG Review</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;">Left Ventricular (LV) Aneurysm ECG Review</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;">Limb Lead Reversal ECG Review</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;">Lown-Ganong-Levine Syndrome ECG Review</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;">Low Voltage ECG Review</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;">Neurologic Insult ECG Review</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;">Pericarditis ECG Review</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;">Prolonged QT Interval ECG Review</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;">Pulmonary Embolism ECG Review</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;">Wellens’ Syndrome ECG Review</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;">Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) ECG Review</li>
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Step 8. Quiz, Quiz, Quiz and Review, Review, Review</h2>
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Taking ECG quizzes, then reviewing once again when you identify a gap in your knowledge, is key. You can never look at too many 12-lead ECG tracings. In my opinion, you should not take a quiz that only shows a snippet of an ECG, a QRS complex or just a rhythms strip. In real life, you see full 12-lead ECG tracings — so that is how you need to test yourself.</div>
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Step 9. Review ECGs in Real Patient Case Scenarios</h2>
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Whether you are a medical student in clinical rotations, an EMT or an internist in practice, looking at the ECGs that you encounter in practice is important. See how the ECG fits the clinical scenario. Sometimes the best way to remember an ECG finding is to associate it with an interesting case that you experienced personally.</div>
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Alternatively, you can practice some ECG cases — online or in a textbook — in which a patient scenario is presented to you, then the ECG that goes along with it is revealed.</div>
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Step 10. Teach Others How to Read an ECG</h2>
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There is no question whatsoever in my mind that I personally have learned the most about ECG interpretation by developing content for LearntheHeart.com and teaching ECG courses in person. If you can put yourself in a position to teach students or your colleagues about ECGs, you will solidify your skills tremendously. Teach your spouse or your dog. Whatever works for you.</div>
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The Practice of Medicine – Never Stop Learning</h2>
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Just keep on reviewing. One day, you will stop and think “Wow, I think I get it.” Sure, you can memorize every criterion and detail about the various ECG findings. But with the availability of internet access in the hospital and on your smartphone, why not just bookmark a nice reference page? Eventually, if you look things up enough times, you will commit them to memory.</div>
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Cardiology Congress 2019http://www.blogger.com/profile/18015438709613721598noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625367636730759444.post-89766261491812592532019-09-27T21:02:00.002-07:002019-09-27T21:09:26.581-07:00Understanding Heart Failure<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4pNlx6PbGDYkB4-PfOaV-8WXfKsWwpS4cOpyBk8HmfGralZ9ns0ibZ1ggpXQcei-RiauBwAacmWex2N5LRdW6GPQ8ewbOW2aaEq3MuDWD6X4TUtoO6v4oP65W-2VjduPIKove49bPB9Q/s1600/I-Stock-broken-heart-sm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1236" data-original-width="939" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4pNlx6PbGDYkB4-PfOaV-8WXfKsWwpS4cOpyBk8HmfGralZ9ns0ibZ1ggpXQcei-RiauBwAacmWex2N5LRdW6GPQ8ewbOW2aaEq3MuDWD6X4TUtoO6v4oP65W-2VjduPIKove49bPB9Q/s320/I-Stock-broken-heart-sm.jpg" width="243" /></a></div>
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<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">What is <a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/">Heart Failure</a>?</strong></h2>
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We need to start with a brief ‘primer’ on heart function. The blood comes back from the body in need of oxygen and enters the heart via the right atrium. It is then pumped into the right ventricle then directly into the lungs for oxygen. After receiving oxygen the blood returns to the heart’s left side into the left atrium and then into the left ventricle. The left ventricle is the “workhorse of the heart”. The walls of the left ventricle are very thick compared to the right ventricle.</div>
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<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">What are the Symptoms and Effects of Heart Failure?</strong></h2>
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By way of an echocardiogram (a sonar of the heart), we can measure how much blood is pumped out of the left ventricle with each beat. This is called an ‘ejection fraction’ or EF. The left ventricle fills with only 120 ccs or 4 oz of oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium which received it from the lungs. ‘Normal’ ejection fraction is 55-60% or 2 oz/beat. We often see an ‘EF’ (ejection fraction) ranging from 10-50%. So with an EF of 10%, there is only 12 cc or a ¼ oz ejected from the left ventricle with each beat!</div>
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The left ventricle normally pumps out 2 ounces/beat to the body. If the heart empties less than 2 oz/beat this means the heart is not emptying. When this happens there is backward ‘congestion’ into the organs. The blood can back up into the liver: your pants get tight, the abdomen becomes bloated, you can get nauseated and lose your appetite. Fluid can back up into the legs and they swell. The swelling can be in the feet and extend up the legs and into the scrotum. Fluid can back up into the lungs causing shortness of breath. You may develop crackles in the lungs which we can hear with a stethoscope, cough up pink-tinged sputum and require more oxygen. At night you can develop PND (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea). When you go to bed at night and are lying flat there is no gravity to keep the blood in your legs. More blood circulates throughout the body and into the lungs. This congestion often wakes you up struggling to breathe. As soon as you sit or stand up then gravity wins the battle and the blood gravitates out of the lungs and into the legs. Fluid can also back up into your head causing confusion and impairment of memory. All four of these organs can be affected or just one.</div>
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<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">How do we Diagnose Heart Failure?</strong></h2>
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Heart failure is diagnosed often by symptoms of fluid overload, exam findings of fluid overload, and test results which indicate a weak or stiff heart and/or fluid overload.</div>
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Tests to clarify the cause of heart failure: Stress test to look for ECG changes while exercising, heart cath (angiogram) to look for blockages in the coronary arteries, echocardiogram (sonar or ultrasound of the heart) to look at the function of the valves and regurgitation, and a thyroid panel.</div>
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An ECG is also done to look at the heart’s electricity. Many rhythms can cause heart failure such as AFib (atrial fibrillation).</div>
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To evaluate the degree of heart failure we can draw a lab test called a BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) and do a CXR. When the heart starts to fail the ventricle begins to stretch and secretes a hormone called BNP. The heart starts to change shape- we call this ‘remodeling’. We can measure the BNP which correlates with the amount of excess fluid you have on board. The CXR can reveal fluid in your lungs which have backed up from your heart.</div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255 , 255 , 255 , 0.8); color: #514f47; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">To keep medications safe we also do lab tests. Many of the meds we use can eliminate fluid such as Lasix, which is good but these meds can stress the kidneys and we can see this with blood work.</span> </div>
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Cardiology Congress 2019http://www.blogger.com/profile/18015438709613721598noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625367636730759444.post-89017282087313981402019-09-25T21:55:00.000-07:002019-09-25T22:02:54.417-07:00Anti-aging effect of a healthy lifestyle<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">According
to recent studies, adopting a healthy lifestyle, i.e., eating well, exercising,
managing stress, and not smoking or drinking too much alcohol, has beneficial
effects on the aging of our cells. One of the well-documented phenomena that
occur during cellular aging is the degradation of telomeres, unique structures
found at the ends of each of our chromosomes; however, a healthy lifestyle
can </span><em style="font-size: 11pt;">slow down </em><span style="font-size: 11pt;">this process</span><br />
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<strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Telomeres and aging</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/">Telomeres</a> are
repetitive DNA structures, shaped like a “hairpin”, found at both ends of
chromosomes and that ensure the integrity of the genome during cell division.
At each division, the telomeres shorten until they become too short to fulfill
their protective function: the cell can no longer divide and enters senescence,
then dies. Telomere shortening is countered by the action of telomerase, an
enzyme that lengthens telomeres during each DNA replication. Telomere
shortening in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (lymphocytes and monocytes) is
associated with aging and aging-related diseases such as cancer, stroke,
dementia, cardiovascular disease, obesity, osteoporosis, and type 2
diabetes. Leukocyte telomere length is significant, albeit weakly, associated
with mortality, but cannot predict survival as well as other
variables (age, mobility, cognition, smoking, daily life activities).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Physical activity</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Physical training
improves many aspects of human health, including exercise capacity, blood
pressure regulation, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, reduction of abdominal
fat and inflammation. These beneficial effects contribute to increased
endothelial function, delay the progression of atherosclerotic lesions, and
improve the collateralization of blood vessels in people with type 2
diabetes, coronary artery disease, and heart failure. The underlying mechanisms
are known in part, but details at the molecular level are less well known and
are the subject of much research.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
process of cellular aging can be slowed down by sustained exercise. A
study published in 2009 showed that sustained physical training in young
and middle-aged athletes was associated with higher telomerase activity,
increased expression of telomere-stabilizing proteins, and longer telomeres,
compared to sedentary people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
same research group recently conducted a randomized controlled trial to
demonstrate that exercise is the cause of increased telomerase activity and
telomere length. The results of the study were published in 2018 in
the <em>European Heart Journal</em>. The researchers recruited 124
middle-aged men and women (≈50 years) who were in good health but did not
exercise. During the six-month study, participants were randomly divided into
four groups: a control group and three groups that did different types of
exercise 3 times a week; one group did endurance training (walking/running,
45 min/day); another group exercised at high-intensity intervals
(4 min at high intensity/4 min rest, repeated 4 times); and the third
group did resistance exercises (various weight machines). Blood samples were
taken before, during, and at the end of the study to measure telomere length
and telomerase activity in leukocytes (white blood cells).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
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<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">At
the end of the study, those who exercised, regardless of the type, had better
cardiorespiratory capacity than at the beginning of the study. Telomerase
activity was 2–3 times higher in the leukocytes of those who did endurance or
interval exercises, compared to the control group. However, this effect was not
observed in people who did resistance exercises (weight training). Similarly,
telomere length was greater in those who did endurance or interval exercises,
but not in those who did resistance exercise.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">These
results suggest that endurance exercises such as running, brisk walking or
swimming are more effective than resistance exercises to keep longer telomeres
and delay cellular aging. It should not be concluded, however, that resistance
exercises are useless for healthy aging. Resistance exercises increase overall
fitness, which is one of the most important indicators of longevity. The
researchers suggest further study on the effects of various combinations of
endurance and resistance exercises on cellular aging. The lead author concludes
that the central message of his study is that it is never too late to start
exercising and that it will have beneficial effects on aging.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proteomic approach to the
effects of exercise</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Researchers have
studied the effects of endurance exercise on the expression of 1,129
proteins in the blood plasma (plasma proteome), classified into 10 modules or
patterns according to their level of interconnection. Exercise altered protein
expression of four modules in young men, and five modules in older men. Modules
affected by the exercise included proteins related to signaling pathways
involved in wound healing, apoptosis (cell death) regulation, glucose, insulin,
and cellular stress signaling, as well as immune and inflammatory responses. In
addition, several exercise-affected modules could be correlated with
physiological and clinical indicators of a healthy life, including diastolic
blood pressure, insulin resistance, maximal aerobic capacity, and vascular
endothelial function.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diet</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">According to
a systematic review of studies published on the subject, five studies
indicate that fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with longer
telomeres, while eight other studies have not identified a significant
association. For foods other than fruits and vegetables, including grains and
meats, the data are inconclusive as a whole. Some studies, however, indicate
unfavorable associations between certain food groups and the length of
telomeres: grains, processed meats, sugary drinks, fats and oils. With regard
to eating habits, only the Mediterranean diet has been associated with
longer telomeres, but not in all the studies published to date. Future
larger-scale observational studies and more focused randomized controlled
trials could help to better identify which elements of the diet are beneficial
for telomere maintenance and help slow the process of cellular aging.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Effect of stress</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Several cross-sectional
studies have reported associations between telomere stability and stress
exposure (review articles here, here and here). The
association lasts throughout life and has been observed in children whose
mothers had been under significant stress. It seems that even prenatal
stress indirectly experienced by the fetus is associated with shorter
telomeres after birth. Prolonged or repeated exposure to stress is associated
with a shortening of telomeres and the development of age-related diseases such
as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, dementia and osteoarthritis. According
to some studies, people with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, major depression,
and post-traumatic stress disorder have shorter telomeres. Stress and mental
illnesses therefore have direct effects on the aging of our cells, with
consequences for health over the course of life.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Cardiology Congress 2019http://www.blogger.com/profile/18015438709613721598noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625367636730759444.post-11399493507418352142019-09-17T21:47:00.001-07:002019-09-17T21:48:50.602-07:00Stopping #DAPT After One Month Improved Outcomes in #Stent Patients:<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Continued treatment with antiplatelet medications but not aspirin reduced risk of bleeding <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Patients who stopped taking aspirin one month after receiving a stent in the heart’s arteries but continued taking the P2Y12 inhibitor clopidogrel fared significantly better after one year compared with those who followed the standard practice of continuing both medications, according to recent research. Stopping aspirin early was found to be superior in terms of the trial’s primary endpoint, a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, <a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/abstract-submission.php" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;">heart attack</a>, clotting near the stent, <a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/abstract-submission.php" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;">stroke</a> and major bleeding.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> “According to the findings, one-month DAPT followed by clopidogrel monotherapy could be a good option after drug-eluting stent implantation with the advantage of fewer bleeding events”.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">To know more about <a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/conference-brochure.php" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;">Cardiovascular updates </a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/join?source=feed_text&epa=HASHTAG&__xts__%5B0%5D=68.ARCjGYMSQ6RDxEbY_eIf8zCtc4uqHI1MjQImVF4TrzRtZyj-zRX9hx2te3nScUffekDCb1935WT61rMiEFuCTe-76EUhaPiu9disYs6CxIW6uw7JJbBFOnuZWnskqTOyOmp_qdjgTjv_ARvvNtiXQAtFJXtGzi2btdpquOT_j_EkuP0OPmPcHUel0PRBqCWgtEl70QfBLiuQtURhsEFYNza_imQXQsgaRzgJJD-mLl-9bqYLgGEwUCvCsC1SF9VVzLDNtHR99h88O5w2aylVC9xj4RK1WknsPUIOoMOOi20VHJFvilP-LyFdXmIUN7i6MZ7Ut5XfGSHHBdc2y_Y&__tn__=%2ANK-R" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1d2129;">join</span></a> us in Italy at <a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;">Cardiology Congress 2019</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/abstract-submission.php">https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/abstract-submission.php</a></div>
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Cardiology Congress 2019http://www.blogger.com/profile/18015438709613721598noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625367636730759444.post-79779030161966471472019-09-11T23:00:00.003-07:002019-09-11T23:00:55.655-07:00What is a Normal Heart Rate?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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What is a normal heart rate? Everyone wants to know what is normal, especially when it comes to heart health. Basic questions that are often asked or searched on the internet include:</div>
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<li style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 27px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">How do I determine the heart rate?</li>
<li style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 27px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">What is a normal heart rate or pulse rate?</li>
<li style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 27px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">What is a normal resting heart rate?</li>
<li style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 27px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">What is a normal exercising heart rate?</li>
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These questions are easily answered and can provide reassuring information to those worried about their heart health.</div>
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When it comes to the beating of your heart cardiologists take note of two major parts, the rhythm, and the rate. There are three different rhythms of a heartbeat, 1) regular, 2) regularly irregular, or 3) irregularly irregular (e.g. <a href="https://myheart.net/articles/afib-with-rvr-when-the-heart-races-out-of-control/" style="color: #0079a1; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">atrial fibrillation</a>). By far the most common rhythm of the heart is a regular rhythm, which is usually sinus rhythm (i.e. the normal pacemaker system of the heart) in the vast majority of people. The remainder of this post will assume your heart is in sinus rhythm and will discuss heart rate.</div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; line-height: 1.25; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">How Do I Determine Heart Rate?</span></h2>
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<li style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 27px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 35px; padding: 0px;"><img alt="How to Check Heart Rate" class="alignright wp-image-118813 size-full lazy-loaded" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://myheart.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/normal-heart-rate.gif" height="230" src="https://myheart.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/normal-heart-rate.gif" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: right; height: auto; margin: 0px 0px 10px 15px; max-width: 100%; text-align: justify;" width="279" /><div style="text-align: justify;">
Take your pulse on the inside of your wrist on the thumb side or on the side of your neck next to your larynx (i.e. voice box or Adam’s apple).</div>
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<li style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 27px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 35px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Use the tips of your first two fingers (index and middle fingers) to press lightly over the blood vessels on your wrist or neck.</li>
<li style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 27px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 35px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Count your pulse for the number of beats in 60 seconds (1 minute) or count your pulse for the number of beats in 10 seconds and multiply by 6 to find your beats per minute.</li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">What is a Normal Heart Rate or Resting Heart Rate?</span></h2>
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There are three general ways to classify heart rate, 1) normal, 2) fast and 3) slow.</div>
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<li style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 27px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">A resting heart rate is normal between 60-100 beats per minute.</li>
<li style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 27px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">A resting heart rate is fast (i.e. <a href="https://myheart.net/articles/inappropriate-sinus-tachycardia/" style="color: #0079a1; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">tachycardic</a>) at greater than 100 beats per minute.</li>
<li style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 27px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">A resting heart rate is slow (i.e. bradycardic) at less than 60 beats per minute. (Read our article <a href="https://myheart.net/articles/low-heart-rate-bradycardia-explained-by-a-heart-doctor/" style="color: #0079a1; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Low Heart Rate</a>)</li>
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A <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25447617" style="color: #0079a1; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">resting heart rate predicts</a> longevity and cardiovascular disease, and current evidence suggests that it is also an important marker of outcome in cardiovascular disease, including <a href="https://myheart.net/articles/what-is-heart-failure-everything-you-need-to-know/" style="color: #0079a1; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">heart failure</a>. <strong>A normal heart rate is between 60-100 beats per minute at rest</strong> (sitting, relaxing, etc.). It is well-known that <strong>the average resting heart rate for well-trained athletes is 40-60 beats per minute!</strong> However, this rate can change dramatically while sleeping or with daily activity and exercise. Usually, a heart rate will be slower during sleep, faster during daily activities or with exercise, and recover quickly back to a resting rate after exercise. This means your heart has appropriate heart rate variability and recovery, which is <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17182165" style="color: #0079a1; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">associated with good heart health</a>. Your resting heart rate can be used to estimate how much energy your body uses, or your <a href="https://myheart.net/articles/science-of-exercise-basal-metabolic-rate/" style="color: #0079a1; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">basal metabolic rate</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">What is a Normal Exercising Heart Rate?</span></h2>
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To determine what a normal exercising heart rate is, you first need to determine your age-predicted maximal heart rate. Here is the <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11153730" style="color: #0079a1; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">generalized equation for predicting maximal heart rate</a> (HRmax) in healthy adults:</div>
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<strong>HRmax = 208 – (0.7 x age)</strong></div>
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<img alt="Exercise's Impact on Resting Heart rate" class="alignright wp-image-118816 size-medium lazy-loaded" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://myheart.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/exercise-heart-rate-300x298.jpg" data-srcset="" height="298" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" src="https://myheart.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/exercise-heart-rate-300x298.jpg" srcset="https://myheart.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/exercise-heart-rate-300x298.jpg 300w, https://myheart.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/exercise-heart-rate-150x150.jpg 150w, https://myheart.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/exercise-heart-rate-70x70.jpg 70w, https://myheart.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/exercise-heart-rate-200x200.jpg 200w, https://myheart.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/exercise-heart-rate.jpg 536w" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: right; height: auto; margin: 0px 0px 10px 15px; max-width: 100%; text-align: justify;" width="300" /></div>
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For example, a 20-year-old person, the age-predicted maximal heart rate would be 194 beats per minute and for a 65-year-old person, the age-predicted maximal heart rate would be 163 beats per minute. A simplified age-predicted maximal heart rate equation (i.e. 220 – age) is commonly used, but it overestimates the maximal heart rate in young adults and increasingly underestimates the maximal heart rate in older adults.</div>
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<a href="https://myheart.net/articles/exercise-in-heart-disease/" style="color: #0079a1; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Being physically active is important to prevent cardiovascular disease</a>, the <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21921892" style="color: #0079a1; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">#1 cause of death in the world</a>. The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends the following for physical activity:</div>
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<li style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 27px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 35px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">At least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity at least five days per week for a total of 150 minutes OR at least 25 minutes of high-intensity aerobic activity at least three days per week for a total of 75 minutes. For example, a moderate-intensity walk should translate to 100 steps per minute or 3,000 steps in 30 minutes.</li>
<li style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 27px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 35px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Moderate- to high-intensity muscle-strengthening activity at least two days per week for additional health benefits.</li>
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So, what defines “moderate-intensity” or “high-intensity” exercise with regards to heart rate? Once you have determined your maximal heart rate, then we can determine what your exercising heart rate should be based on the intensity of exercise.</div>
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<li style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 27px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Generally, during exercise, you want your heart rate to be at 50-90% of your maximal heart rate. This range should be considered your general target heart rate during exercise.</li>
<li style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 27px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">The target heart rate during moderate-intensity exercise is 50-70% of your maximal heart rate.</li>
<li style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 27px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">The target heart rate during high-intensity exercise is 70-90% of your maximal heart rate.</li>
<li style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 27px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">The <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9207652" style="color: #0079a1; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">target heart rate</a> during a <a href="https://myheart.net/articles/do-i-need-a-stress-test/" style="color: #0079a1; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">cardiac stress test</a> to evaluate for cardiovascular disease is 85% of your maximal heart rate. This is supported by the AHA and the American College of Cardiology (ACC), as well as additional scientific studies defining the <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12175667" style="color: #0079a1; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">optimum upper heart rate limit</a> during exercise.</li>
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Remember, exercise can include (but is not limited to) walking, jogging, running, swimming, biking, climbing stairs, <a href="https://myheart.net/articles/hiit-high-intensity-interval-training/" style="color: #0079a1; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">high-intensity interval training (HIIT)</a>, or playing sports – whatever activity you find the most interesting or enjoyable.</div>
<span style="position: absolute; text-align: justify; top: -9941px;">Website theme is by <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #0079a1; outline: none !important; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">modafinilresearch.com</a> where you can Learn about Modafinil online</span><br />
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A resting heart rate is a very basic, but incredibly important <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23806547" style="color: #0079a1; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">predictor of cardiovascular disease and death</a> in the general population. It is now recognized that positive modification of high-risk health profiles with strict diet and exercise programs can lower risk and is associated with improvement of resting heart rate, heart rate variability, and heart rate recovery. Take control of your health!</div>
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Cardiology Congress 2019http://www.blogger.com/profile/18015438709613721598noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625367636730759444.post-22570057289882300532019-09-06T21:07:00.002-07:002019-09-06T21:09:14.346-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Here is a tricky case. Try to guess the diagnosis of this previously healthy 5-year-old boy who starts to complain of difficulty breathing over the past 2 weeks. He used to be able to play with his friends and run quite well; however, now he has to stop and rest to catch his breath. He notes that his breathing is worse at night and when exposed to the cold. While the symptoms are not severe, they are certainly bothersome to him. His heart rate is 70 bpm, respiratory rate is 22, blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg and his oxygen saturation is normal. On auscultation, you hear diffuse expiratory wheezing in the lungs and a very loud V/VI holosystolic murmur that is loudest at the left lower sternal border, but you can hear it throughout the entire precordium. There is even a thrill associated with it. He has no edema and his jugular veins appear flat.</div>
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What could be causing his shortness of breath? <a href="https://www.healio.com/cardiology/learn-the-heart/ecg-review/ecg-archive/sinus-tachycardia-ecg-4" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #b40411; opacity: 1; text-decoration-line: none;">Here is his ECG:</a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjktVqiL_1lSKl4QtruvgvWpuTWfoBRgUbrSL5ISgKsA5qwIbfQVy5WXrRUM7m9MNa5FsZ1sgByKu2371pd1dYnZFANwW50mZmPsn2f8ACw_j1Ef5OvyjMx0Cjnp3w_7ybHD7RGE5dQl6g/s1600/993aaa23edb8fef5db7de12beb01554d.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="452" data-original-width="800" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjktVqiL_1lSKl4QtruvgvWpuTWfoBRgUbrSL5ISgKsA5qwIbfQVy5WXrRUM7m9MNa5FsZ1sgByKu2371pd1dYnZFANwW50mZmPsn2f8ACw_j1Ef5OvyjMx0Cjnp3w_7ybHD7RGE5dQl6g/s400/993aaa23edb8fef5db7de12beb01554d.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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The ECG shows simple sinus tachycardia, nothing else exciting.</div>
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It helps to know two things: Common things happen commonly <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">AND</span> you have to know your auscultation.</div>
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When wheezing is heard in the lungs, people typically think of asthma, or in adults, they think of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, did you know that congestive heart failure can cause wheezing? This is called "cardiac asthma." It is estimated that about one-third of adults with severe decompensated congestive heart failure will have to wheeze on an exam.</div>
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If you know the murmur, in this case, you have probably guessed that this boy has a very small ventricular septal defect (VSD), which is commonly referred to as a "hole in the heart." Small defects can cause <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">VERY</span> loud murmurs as the higher pressure in the left heart forcefully shoots blood through the VSD into the right heart. Think of putting your thumb over a garden hose: The more you obstruct the opening, the farther and faster the water will shoot! This is why small VSDs have a high-velocity jet coursing from the left heart to the right heart causing a lot of turbulent flow and thus a loud murmur. Small VSDs, however, are harmless. The overall volume of blood is so small that it does not cause any symptoms or hemodynamic changes, just a really cool "thrilling" loud murmur.</div>
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Recall that a <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">large</span> VSD can cause significant strain on the heart. Eventually, like so much blood shunts from left to right forcing the right heart to handle quite a large volume of blood with each cardiac cycle, pulmonary hypertension starts to develop. As pulmonary hypertension becomes severe, the pressures in the right heart may exceed those of the left heart intermittently causing the shunt to reverse direction from right to left. When left to right shunt causes pulmonary hypertension reversing it to a right to left shunt, this is called "Eisenmenger syndrome."</div>
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Here is a drawing of a VSD that is now right-to-left shunting (Eisenmenger syndrome):</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEkONKVDz9z0mT_4Yu7YEf77H-UKlbGsmkAxGGJcOykL85p1fLjg5ilmBOKH7AuX9yKrMBf96ED4t3UDJE8SmZFfG1Avfp2hCeYU1YXbFugCTVp53QHbMvFWfWe3sN0VjztEJAOuotwis/s1600/ad6ff6b30a069e6ea675a4bd6ba93d57.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="417" data-original-width="600" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEkONKVDz9z0mT_4Yu7YEf77H-UKlbGsmkAxGGJcOykL85p1fLjg5ilmBOKH7AuX9yKrMBf96ED4t3UDJE8SmZFfG1Avfp2hCeYU1YXbFugCTVp53QHbMvFWfWe3sN0VjztEJAOuotwis/s400/ad6ff6b30a069e6ea675a4bd6ba93d57.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Here is an ECG from a patient with Eisenmenger syndrome showing <a href="https://www.healio.com/cardiology/learn-the-heart/ecg-review/ecg-topic-reviews-and-criteria/right-ventricular-hypertrophy-review" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #b40411; opacity: 1; text-decoration-line: none;">right ventricular hypertrophy</a> with strain:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCEDWh6E2JgIjIByNKCyKDAZbRLoc94wjcaZJybvto18_DcCzrN3pAsDDyY4khnNRuAd69A6IsMgIwqj7Sn4cIK-u9V_QHOqraXxYkYcrVuoD5l1p9Arut46WSEhYZxk0PSeXjGSTGV0o/s1600/233333.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="441" data-original-width="796" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCEDWh6E2JgIjIByNKCyKDAZbRLoc94wjcaZJybvto18_DcCzrN3pAsDDyY4khnNRuAd69A6IsMgIwqj7Sn4cIK-u9V_QHOqraXxYkYcrVuoD5l1p9Arut46WSEhYZxk0PSeXjGSTGV0o/s400/233333.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Common things being common, this boy does simply have asthma. Tricky, tricky. While it is true that you should always try to connect the dots and put all abnormal findings together to make one diagnosis, sometimes there are two things going on. One hint was that the boy was previously healthy without symptoms. Most congenital cardiac anomalies that are hemodynamically significant present quite early and do not suddenly appear.</div>
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Cardiology Congress 2019http://www.blogger.com/profile/18015438709613721598noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625367636730759444.post-73187418454995798682019-05-07T01:36:00.003-07:002019-09-26T00:07:45.160-07:00Cardiology Congress 2019<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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ABOUT CONFERENCE </h2>
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<span mso-fareast-language:="" new="" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "roboto slab" , serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 500;" times=""><a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/registration.php" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Cardiology Congress 2019</a></span><span mso-fareast-language:="" new="" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "roboto slab" , serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 500;" times=""> taking the privilege of invitation each one of the individuals to give their valuable presence at the upcoming Event “<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">33rd World Congress on Cardiology & Heart Diseases</span>” amidst <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">March 27-28, 2020</span> at <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Prague, Czech Republic,</span> which working under theme: “</span><span new="" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "roboto slab" , serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 500;" times="">Novel Technologies and Innovations in Cardiology</span><span mso-fareast-language:="" new="" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "roboto slab" , serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 500;" times="">” that melds brief keynote presentations, speaker talks, Exhibition, Symposia, and Workshops. Cardiology Congress 2019 is one of the <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Cardiology meetings 2019</span> which will be visited by all the prestigious cardiologists, cardiology educators, researchers, postgraduates, business meanders under a solitary rooftop.</span></h3>
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Conference Highlights</h2>
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<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto slab" , serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/">Heart Disease</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto slab" , serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/">Heart Diagnosis</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto slab" , serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/">Cardiovascular Disease</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto slab" , serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/">Heart Devices</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto slab" , serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/">Vascular Biology</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto slab" , serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/">Hypertension</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto slab" , serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/">Women's Cardiology</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto slab" , serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/">Heart Failure</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto slab" , serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/">Diabetes, Obesity &Stroke</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto slab" , serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/">Cardiac Nursing</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto slab" , serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/">Heart Regeneration </a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto slab" , serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/">Cardiac Surgery</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto slab" , serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/">Cardiac Pharmacology</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto slab" , serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/">Molecular Cardiology </a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto slab" , serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/">Nuclear Cardiology</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto slab" , serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/">Atherosclerosis</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto slab" , serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/">Angiography & Intervention </a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto slab" , serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/">Cardio-Oncology</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto slab" , serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/">Case Reports on Cardiology</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto slab" , serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/">Cardiac & Cardiovascular Research </a></span></span></li>
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<span style="color: white;">
SU</span><span style="color: white;">PPORTED BY</span></h2>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "roboto slab" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.omicsonline.org/clinical-experimental-cardiology.php"><span style="color: blue;">Journal of Clinical & Experimental Cardiology</span></a><br />
<a href="https://www.omicsonline.org/clinical-trials.php"><span style="color: blue;">Journal of Clinical Trials</span></a><br />
<a href="https://www.omicsonline.org/cardiovascular-diseases-diagnosis.php"><span style="color: blue;">Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases & Diagnosis</span></a><br />
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All accepted abstracts will be published in respective Conference Series LLC LTD International Journals.</div>
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Abstracts will be provided with Digital Object Identifier by Cross Ref.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: left;"></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: left;" />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20px;">See more at </span></span><a href="https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;">https://cardiology.healthconferences.org/</span></a></div>
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Cardiology Congress 2019http://www.blogger.com/profile/18015438709613721598noreply@blogger.com0